Cognitive Mechanisms By Which The Controllability Of Daily Stressful Events Affects Mental Health: The Role Of Coping Strategies And Synergistic Mindsets - Info and Reading Options

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Different characteristics of stressful events can have different effects on mental health in terms of direction, strength, and duration. For example, research has shown that people typically feel less distress and experience more stress-related growth when stressful events are perceived as controllable, regardless of whether the stress is acute or chronic (Frazier & Caston, 2015). In contrast, in laboratory settings, artificially induced uncontrollable stress (noise) causes subjects to self-report higher levels of helplessness, stress, anxiety, and depression (Breier et al., 1987). However, the effect of stress controllability on mental health may also be influenced by other intermediate variables, such as the use of different coping strategies. Identifying whether the environment is controllable is crucial for individuals to predict the coping process, because only when the environment is more controllable do individuals perceive their behavior to be causally related to the environment and therefore try to change the status quo by switching coping strategies (Ligneul et al., 2020). Stress coping can be divided into two categories based on people's blunted or sensitized responses to hazards, with avoidant coping being more applicable to uncontrollable situations and approach coping being more applicable to controllable situations (Roth & Cohen, 1986). Research has shown that individuals use more approach coping strategies and less avoidant coping strategies for highly controllable stress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; Griffith et al., 2000). Further, greater use of avoidant coping strategies is associated with higher anxiety symptoms and lower levels of mental health (Chu et al., 2022; Park et al., 2022); whereas the use of approach-based coping strategies is associated with fewer depressive symptoms in adolescents (Seiffge-Krenke & Klessinger, 2000). Thus, coping strategies may mediate the relationship between stress controllability and mental health. However, the effects of stress controllability on mental health are not only mediated by coping strategies, but may also be moderated by other factors, such as the individual's mindset. Stress mindset and growth mindset are two mindsets that have received considerable attention and are strongly associated with the use of coping strategies and mental health. Individuals with stress-can-be-enhancing mindsets exhibit more approach-oriented behavioral responses and lower levels of depression and anxiety in response to stress (Crum et al., 2013; Huebschmann & Sheets, 2020; Yeager et al., 2022), whereas individuals with stress-can-be-debilitating mindsets are more likely to use avoidant coping strategies and have higher levels of depression (Chen & Qu, 2021). The antithesis of the growth mindset is fixed mindset. Research has shown that the growth mindset of emotion is associated with greater use of reappraisal strategies and less use of suppression strategies, whereas the fixed mindset of emotion is associated with lower self-esteem and life satisfaction, and higher levels of stress and depression (Burnette et al., 2013; De Castella et al., 2013). In addition, the growth mindset buffers the relationship between the number of stressful life events and depression as well as avoidant coping strategies (Schroder et al., 2017). Evidence from meta-analyses has found that the growth mindset of emotion is associated with more active coping and less psychological distress (Burnette et al., 2020). Thus, these two mindsets may work together to moderate the relationship between stress and coping strategies and mental health. However, most of these studies have viewed the two types of mindsets as independent of each other, and few have explored how their interaction affects coping strategies and psychological well-being. Yeager et al. (2022) made a breakthrough contribution to this by a simultaneous intervention targeting stress-can-be-enhancing mindset and growth mindset, and found that this "synergistic mindsets" intervention was effective in increasing participants' well-being and reducing anxiety symptoms. However, most of these studies were based on idiosyncratic questionnaires or laboratory studies, and it is unclear how these "synergistic mindsets" relates to coping strategies and mental health under real-life conditions. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA), also known as the Experience sampling method (ESM), is used as a structured self-report diary technique that is often used to assess emotional states in daily life, symptoms of illness, situations, and individuals' perceptions of events (Myin-Germeys et al., 2018; Myin-Germeys et al., 2009). This method has the advantages of high ecological validity and not being susceptible to recall bias (Armey et al., 2015; Lincoln et al., 2022; Shiffman et al., 2008) and is widely used in psychological research. However, to our knowledge, few researchers have applied this approach to explore changes in real-life mindsets, and it is unclear whether "synergistic mindsets" exist in everyday settings. This issue can be well addressed by combining EMA and multilevel latent profile analysis (Grommisch et al., 2020) to explore the relationship between every day "synergistic mindsets" and coping strategies and mental health. Using the EMA method and combining multilevel latent profile analysis and a multilevel moderated mediation model, the present study aims to investigate the mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between stress controllability and mental health (depression, anxiety levels, and satisfaction with life) and the moderating role of synergistic mindsets.

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