Changes In Numerical Cognition Across Aging? A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis - Info and Reading Options

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Background: Numerical cognition subsumes a wide range of tasks and underlying cognitive representations. The developmental approach on this domain mostly focuses on educational questions and changes up to young adulthood. However, lifespan research on cognition describes distinct patterns of decline, stability or improvement in at least some numerical domains. Therefore, the aim of the planned systematic review and meta-analysis is (1) to identify tasks and areas of numerical cognition showing improved, preserved, or impaired performance when comparing elderly and younger samples. (2) We aim at identifying moderators of development in numerical cognition such as inter-individual differences like global cognition, effects of cohort, gender, or education. (3) We want to find out when deficits occur in aging and whether the extent of impairment increases with age. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted following PRISMA criteria. Electronic databases of published and unpublished studies will be searched for relevant articles with predefined search terms. Studies are eligible if they report comparisons of an elderly sample with a younger control group regarding an empirical measure of numerical and/ or arithmetic function. Furthermore, studies reporting performance in a standardized test of numerical cognition with available age-specific reference norms will be included. Experimental case-control designs and group studies will be included. Studies not allowing to assess an age effect, only reporting neuro-imaging data and reviews will be excluded. Original study quality will be assessed with the ROBINS-I tool. Depending on the resulting data structure, meta-analyses will be conducted with random effects models or two-level models with nested effect sizes. Subgroups analyses regarding age groups will be conducted using meta-regression. Discussion: Results of the current review cannot only be used to update existing reviews, but also to systematize numerical and arithmetic performance associated to effects of aging in the light of both neurocognitive theories of numerical cognition and lifespan development. It has the potential to estimate changes in numerical cognition across aging up to old age. However, our systematic review and meta-analysis relies on the quality of the original studies and the quality of available risk of bias assessments.

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