Associations Between State Rumination, Depressive Symptoms, And Physiological Recovery

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This project focuses on understanding the role that state rumination plays in the potential link between increased depressive symptoms and poor physiological recovery in response to stress. The primary hypothesis centers around the role that preservative cognition, the tendency to ruminate on a stressor after it occurs, is related to the previously supported link between depression and poor physiological recovery (Gordon et al., 2012)(Salomon et al., 2009)(Carney, n.d.). In this study, poor physiological recovery is defined as a sustained physiological arousal following stressor offset. Of note, both physiological reactivity (magnitude of our response) and recovery (return to homeostatic baseline following reactivity) to a stressor makeup our stress response. Past work has shown that the recovery component of the stress response is a better indicator of adaptive versus maladaptive emotional responding, where sustained (and therefore impaired) recovery to a stressor can be compared to healthy individuals that recover more quickly from adverse experiences and have healthier emotional processing (Brosschot et al., 2006). There is emerging evidence that the recovery component specifically of heart rate (HR) stress response may be a reliable predictor of both future heart health and have a strong association with depressive symptoms (Stewart et al., 2006) (Gordon et al., 2012) (Salomon et al., 2009). However, although there exists evidence of a relationship between heart rate recovery in healthy individuals compared to individuals diagnosed with depression, research on the relationship of HR recovery in healthy individuals with depressed symptoms is mixed and highlights need for further investigation (Gordon et al., 2012; Salomon et al., 2009; Schwerdtfeger & Rosenkaimer, 2011). Additionally, a study by Gordan et al. (2012) indicates that cognitive depressive symptoms were more associated with increased HR recovery time compared to somatic depressive symptoms. A specific component of cognition that could shed light on this finding is rumination, where it is posited that individuals who tend to ruminate on stressors after they occur, engaging in perseverative cognition, may maintain heightened physiological activity following a stressor (Brosschot, 2006). Rumination is defined by Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) in relating to depression as repetitively focusing on causes, meanings, and consequences of depressive mood. In their meta-analysis that defined rumination based on Nolen-Hoeksema’s (1991) definition, Mor & Winquist (2002) concluded that rumination was significantly more related to negative affect than other types of self-focus, and this relationship was significantly stronger in clinically or sub clinically depressed patients. Rumination may therefore be playing a role in the basic tie between mind and body in individuals with depression as continued mental activity increasing negative affect about the stressor is likely to support continued physiological activity related to the stressor. Alternatively, the continued physiological activity may be driving the continued mental activity, as the mind and body are bidirectionally connected. Overall, this mind body connection would lead to a sustained recovery before returning to homeostatic physiological levels. A study by Papousek et al. (2017) supports this theory as it found that higher trait rumination is associated with longer heart rate recovery. State rumination however is a relatively new assessment of rumination, where evidence has shown that increase in state rumination is associated with worse recovery based on self-reported sadness (LeMoult et al., 2013). Skin conductance level (SCL) is another form of physiological response following a stressor which measures the amount of sweat excreted by eccrine glands of your hand and is widely understood to be associated with depression where hypoactive SCL (reduced skin conductance response) has shown to be a characteristic of SCL in depressed individuals (Sarchiapone et al., 2018; Thorell, 2009). Curiously however, Carney et al. found that although the clinically depressed showed significant decrease in SCL (hypoactivity), there was a significant positive relationship between depressive symptoms and SCL in the sub-clinical sample (Carney, n.d.). These results highlight the need for future research to better understand how SCL is related to depression. For example, different time courses of SCL recovery may be differentially associated with depression. Additionally, similar to heart rate, it may be that certain individual differences within the depressed group, such as greater cognitive symptoms such as rumination, may be associated with differences in SCL in depression. The current study will explore associations between heart rate and SCL recovery, depression, and state rumination in individuals with no to moderate depression who completed the Trier Social Stress Test. We may also seek to explore whether state rumination mediates any association between depression and physiological recovery

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