A concise introduction to logic - Info and Reading Options

"A concise introduction to logic" Table Of Contents:

• 1- Basic concepts. Arguments, premises, and conclusions -- Recognizing arguments -- Deduction and induction --validity, truth, soundness, strength, cogency -- Argument forms: proving invalidity -- Extended arguments -- Language : meaning and definition. Varieties of meaning -- The intension and extension of terms -- Definitions and their purposes -- Definitional techniques -- Criteria for lexical definitions -- Informal fallacies. Fallacies in general -- Fallacies of relevance -- Fallacies of weak induction -- Fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy -- Fallacies in ordinary language -- Categorical propositions. The components of categorical propositions -- Quality, quantity, and distribution -- Venn diagrams and the modern square of opposition -- Conversion, obversion, and contraposition -- The traditional square of opposition -- Venn diagrams and the traditional standpoint -- Translating ordinary language statements into categorical form -- Categorical syllogisms. Standard form, mood, and figure -- Venn diagrams -- Rules and fallacies -- Reducing the number of terms -- Ordinary language arguments -- Enthymemes -- Sorites -- Propositional logic. Symbols and translation -- Truth functions -- Truth tables for propositions -- Truth tables for arguments -- Indirect truth tables -- Argument forms and fallacies -- Natural deduction in propositional logic. Rules of implication I -- Rules of implication II -- Rules of replacement I -- Rules of replacement II -- Conditional proof -- Indirect proof -- Proving logical truths -- Predicate logic. Symbols and translation -- Using the rules of inference -- Change of quantifier rule -- Conditional and indirect proof -- Proving invalidity -- Relational predicates and overlapping quantifiers -- Identity -- Analogy and legal and moral reasoning. Analogical reasoning -- Legal reasoning -- Moral reasoning -- Causality and Mill's methods. "Cause" and necessary and sufficient conditions -- Mill's five methods -- Mill's methods and science -- Probability. Theories of probability -- The probability calculus -- Statistical reasoning. Evaluating statistics -- Samples -- The meaning of "average" -- Dispersion -- Graphs and pictograms -- Percentages -- Hypothetical / scientific reasoning. The hypothetical method -- Hypothetical reasoning : four examples from science -- The proof of hypotheses -- The tentative acceptance of hypotheses -- Science and superstition. Distinguishing between science and superstition -- Evidentiary support -- Objectivity -- Integrity -- Concluding remarks -- Appendix : logic and graduate-level admissions tests -- Answers to selected exercises -- Glossary.

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