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Protocol for a systematic review and meta analysis of studies from 2019–2024 on the performance of artificial intelligence in conducting bone age assessment from pediatric hand x-rays

Protocol for a systematic review and meta analysis of studies from 2019–2024 on the performance of artificial intelligence in conducting bone age assessment from pediatric hand x-rays

Protocol for a systematic review and meta analysis of studies from 2019–2024 on the performance of artificial intelligence in conducting bone age assessment from pediatric hand x-rays

The purpose of the ISA Command and Functional Analysis is to depict the functional architecture of the various assets employed to provide intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, and related support to the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF). In addition, the Command and Functional Analysis provides the necessary framework for the follow-on ISA Information Transfer Analysis. The Command and Functional Analysis is a compilation of the current and emerging Marine Air-Ground Intelligence System (MAGIS) architecture within the context of current force structure and associated units of the Fleet Marine Force (FMF). This analysis involved a complete review of the command and staff relationships of the organic surveillance, reconnaissance, intelligence, electronic warfare and related assets of a typical Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), and Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) with respect to the various Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) centers established afloat and ashore. These relationships and functional activities were analyzed and structured in accordance with the doctrinal precepts of Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 3-1, Command and Staff Action. The Command and Functional Analysis was prepared in a manner that makes it possible to publish tab changes without reissuing the entire document. Updates, changes, or corrections on one tab or section will not necessarily affect another tab or section.

This seedling project aimed to genetically map intelligence in the military working dog (MWD) population. A total of 199 canine subjects were recruited from United States working dog contractors. Of the recruited subjects, 153 were tested using the Canine Intelligence Testing Protocol (CITP), developed by Dr. Karen Overall (UPENN) to specifically analyze canine intelligence. CITP allows quantitative assessment of intelligence in individual dogs using a scoring system based on the latency to response, success-in-effort time, attentiveness, interest in novelty exploration, response to signaling and showing, observational learning, problem solving/boldness, and handedness. Blood samples were collected from the canines, and genomic DNA prepared. A total of 117 dogs, belonging to three breeds (German Shepherds, Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers) were down-selected and successfully genotyped for whole genome (WG) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers by means of the Affymetrix Canine SNP Array v2. A proof-of-concept advanced data mining algorithm for unsupervised analysis of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset was successfully developed. Using this algorithm, canine subjects were successfully clustered into the correct breeds with an accuracy ranging from 89% - 100%, solely based on the WG SNP profiles. The details of the algorithm are described in the Technical Report AFRL-RH-WP-TR-2011-0081, entitled Development of Advanced Classification Algorithm for Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Data Analysis. While not initially part of the seedling proposal, this project did receive IACUC permission to test DoD MWDs for follow-on studies, a unique and significant accomplishment.

This seedling project aimed to genetically map intelligence in the military working dog (MWD) population. A total of 199 canine subjects were recruited from United States working dog contractors. Of the recruited subjects, 153 were tested using the Canine Intelligence Testing Protocol (CITP), developed by Dr. Karen Overall (UPENN) to specifically analyze canine intelligence. CITP allows quantitative assessment of intelligence in individual dogs using a scoring system based on the latency to response, success-in-effort time, attentiveness, interest in novelty exploration, response to signaling and showing, observational learning, problem solving/boldness, and handedness. Blood samples were collected from the canines, and genomic DNA prepared. A total of 117 dogs, belonging to three breeds (German Shepherds, Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers) were down-selected and successfully genotyped for whole genome (WG) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers by means of the Affymetrix Canine SNP Array v2. A proof-of-concept advanced data mining algorithm for unsupervised analysis of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset was successfully developed. Using this algorithm, canine subjects were successfully clustered into the correct breeds with an accuracy ranging from 89% - 100%, solely based on the WG SNP profiles. The details of the algorithm are described in the Technical Report AFRL-RH-WP-TR-2011-0081, entitled Development of Advanced Classification Algorithm for Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Data Analysis. While not initially part of the seedling proposal, this project did receive IACUC permission to test DoD MWDs for follow-on studies, a unique and significant accomplishment.

This essay argues that intelligence assessment could achieve substantial predictive power, to a degree that greatly exceeds today s standards. It will seek to demonstrate both the need for such a revolution in capability and the feasibility of achieving it, and will outline a strategic program plan to do so. This proposal is designed to implement core elements of the National Intelligence Strategy, the 2004 Intelligence Reform Act, and the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Report and related intelligence reform initiatives and studies.

This paper examines bias, perception, a judgment in intelligence analysis and decision making. It asks if the accuracy of intelligence assessments can be improved. An answer is sought at fundamental levels of analysis, where biases influence observation, observations are mediated by preconception, and perceptions pass through the filter of critical judgment. Unintentional human errors in observing, perceiving, and judging are the central issues of this paper. Deliberate distortions of intelligence through political calculation or service parochialism are treated peripherally. A survey of literature leads to the conclusion that analytic bias is inevitable; that intelligence concepts are necessary and dangerous; and that uncertainty ensures a margin of error in assessment. Therefore, efforts to eliminate bias and increase the objectivity of intelligence officers are unproductive. Instead, efforts should focus on the suitability and adaptability of concepts. Intelligence officers can be encouraged to use concepts flexibly by exercising several qualities of critical judgment.... Intelligence, Misperception of Adversaries, Bias and Intelligence, Perception and Intelligence, Judgment and intelligence, Ethics and intelligence, Analysis and Decision